Living standards are a measure of the quality of life among a population. From income levels to access to services, these standards indicate how well the population is doing regarding basic needs and the availability of opportunities.
In this blog, we’ll look at what living standards are, how they’re determined, and what factors can affect them.
Table of Contents
What Are Living Standards?
Let start will the idea of, “What are living standards?”
Living standards refer to a population’s quality of life, including various aspects, such as access to:
- health care,
- education,
- housing, and
- employment.
Living standards reflect a nation’s economic, social, and political progress. GDP per capita is the primary living standard metric. GDP per capita, which counts how much money each individual has, is an excellent predictor of living conditions. In addition to GDP per capita, there are other indicators of living standards, such as :
- purchasing power parity (PPP),
- household income, and
- life expectancy.
Purchasing power parity compares the prices of goods and services in different countries. It is an excellent way to compare how well people live in different places. The average household income is a measure of inequality in a country. Ultimately, life expectancy indicates population health and the average lifetime. Accessing essential services such as :
- healthcare,
- education, and
- housing
can also measure living standards. Access to healthcare is essential for a population to be healthy and productive. A country’s economic success depends on excellent education. Ultimately, a person needs safe, decent housing. Economic development impacts living standards. Higher-income countries with better access to healthcare, education, and housing have higher living standards. Countries with less economic growth have:
- less access to essential services,
- less money, and
- more impoverished people.
Ultimately, politics and society impact living standards. Countries with strong political institutions and stable governments tend to have higher living standards. People have more faith in their government and are more likely to benefit from better public services. On the other hand, countries with weak political institutions and unstable governments tend to have lower living standards because people don’t trust their government as much, and public services are more likely to be wrong.
In conclusion, living standards indicate a nation’s economic and social health. They are based on the :
- GDP per person,
- the buying power parity,
- household income,
- life expectancy,
- access to essential services, and
- economic progress.
Politics and society affect living standards. Countries with better political institutions and stable governments have higher living standards than those with weaker and unstable governments.
How Are Living Standards Measured?
In this part of article, we will discuss, “How are living standards measured?”
Living standards measure a country’s or region’s quality of life and economic welfare. It is used to measure a population’s :
- wealth,
- health, and
- well-being.
It looks at things like income, education level, access to essential services, and the quality of the environment. Living standards are also used to compare different countries and regions and assess a country’s or region’s progress over time.
GNP/capita, HDI, and PPP measure living standards (PPP).
These metrics allow comparisons across nations and regions, tracking living standards over time.
Gross National Product (GNP):
A we know that,
- GNP per capita,
- HDI, and
- PPP (PPP)
measure living standards. These metrics allow comparisons across nations and regions and track living standards over time.
Human Development Index (HDI):
HDI assesses :
- health,
- education, and
- income.
Comparing social and economic characteristics across nations reveals it. HDI is a valuable measure of overall living standards and is used to compare living standards across countries and regions.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):
PPP is a measure of purchasing power used to compare the cost of goods and services across countries or regions. Comparing the prices of a basket of goods and services across countries or regions yields it. PPP helps compare living conditions across countries and regions by measuring the relative cost of living.
- Life expectancy,
- the infant mortality rate,
- clean water,
- health care,
- education, and
- employment rate
are other indicators of living standards. These measures provide a more comprehensive picture of living standards. They are used to compare living standards across countries and regions.
Income inequality measures living standards. Income inequality is the disparity in income between the wealthiest and the poorest. Higher levels of income inequality indicate higher levels of poverty and inequality and are associated with lower living standards.
Living standards can also be measured by looking at the subjective well-being of a population. Life satisfaction determines well-being. Surveys ask people to rank their contentment with health, education, and economic factors. This measures the overall quality of life in a country or region and compares living standards across countries and regions.
What Are the Benefits of High Living Standards?
Now lets talk about, “The benefits of high living standards ”
Living standards refer to the quality of life based on the availability of goods and services as well as the ability to access them. Higher living standards can have numerous benefits for individuals, families, and communities, including improved access to :
- health care,
- educational opportunities,
- an improved quality of life, and
- a greater sense of security.
Here are the benefits of high living standards:
1 . Health Care:
High living standards often mean improved access to quality health care. When people and families have a higher standard of living, it’s easier for them to pay for medical care, including preventive care that can help improve their overall health. For example, with greater access to health care, individuals are more likely to get:
- regular check-ups,
- screenings, and
- vaccinations,
which can prevent the onset of more serious illnesses.
2 . Education:
Higher standards of living can also mean improved access to educational opportunities. With better access to resources, families can more easily afford to send their children to school, which can lead to better educational outcomes. Higher living standards can also mean more people have access to higher education and specialized training, which can lead to better job prospects and more economic security.
3 . Quality of Life:
Higher living standards can lead to improved quality of life. With more resources and access to goods and services, individuals and families can more easily purchase the items they need to live comfortably. This can include things like having enough food, clothes, and a place to live, as well as the ability to have fun, relax, and travel.
4 . Economic Security:
Higher living standards often mean improved economic security. When people and families have better access to resources, it’s easier for them to buy the things they need and feel more financially stable. This can help reduce financial stress and increase the security of a family’s financial future.
5 . Public Safety:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved public safety. When governments have better access to resources, it’s easier for them to pay for things like :
- more police officers,
- better infrastructure, and
- better emergency response systems
to make the public safer. This can lead to reduced crime and improved safety for individuals and families.
6 . Employment Opportunities:
Higher living standards can also lead to increased employment opportunities. Businesses can hire more people and pay them better wages when they have better access to resources. This can make people and families’ finances more stable by lowering unemployment and making jobs more secure.
7 . Reduced Poverty:
Higher living standards can also help to reduce poverty. With better access to resources, individuals and families who are living in poverty can more easily afford the items they need, such as food and clothing. This can help improve their quality of life and reduce poverty in the community.
8 . Improved Infrastructure:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved infrastructure. With better access to resources, governments can more easily afford to invest in infrastructure projects like improving :
- roads,
- bridges, and
- public transportation systems.
This can lead to improved access to goods and services as well as increased economic activity in the community.
9 . Improved Environmental Quality:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved environmental quality. With better access to resources, governments can more easily afford to invest in environmental initiatives such as cleaning the :
- air,
- water, and
- land.
This can lead to a healthier living environment for individuals and families.
10 . Public Services:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved public services. With better access to resources, governments can more easily afford to invest in public services like :
- libraries,
- parks, and
- public transportation systems.
This can lead to improved access to services for individuals and families, as well as improved quality of life in the community.
11 . Access to Technology:
Higher living standards can also mean improved access to technology. When people and families have better access to resources, it’s easier for them to buy the latest technology, like:
- computers,
- smartphones, and
- tablets.
This can help increase efficiency as well as provide access to educational and entertainment resources.
12 . Improved Housing:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved housing. With better access to resources, it’s easier for people and families to buy or rent homes with better features, like being more energy efficient and built better. This can lead to improved living conditions and higher property values in the community.
13 . Improved Nutrition:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved nutrition. If people and families had better access to resources, it would be easier for them to buy healthy foods like fresh fruits and vegetables. This can improve your diet and health.
14 . Improved Mental Health:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved mental health. With better access to resources, individuals and families can more easily afford to purchase items that can help reduce stress, such as :
- books,
- music, and
- exercise equipment.
This can help reduce anxiety and depression and give people a way to show their creativity.
15 . Improved Social Connections:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved social connections. When people and families have better access to resources, it’s easier for them to spend money on social activities like going to the :
- movies,
- concerts, and
- museums.
This can help strengthen relationships as well as provide a greater sense of community.
16 . Improved Access to Information:
Higher living standards can also mean improved access to information. When people and families have better access to resources, they can more easily buy things like :
- books,
- newspapers, and
- magazines
that give them access to a wider range of information. This can help increase knowledge and understanding of the world.
17 . Increased Job Satisfaction:
Higher living standards can also lead to increased job satisfaction. With greater access to resources, individuals and families can more easily afford to purchase items that can help make their jobs more enjoyable, such as specialized tools and equipment. This can help to increase job satisfaction as well as provide a greater sense of accomplishment.
18 . Improved Quality of Life:
Higher living standards can also lead to improved quality of life. With better access to resources, individuals and families can more easily afford to purchase items that can help make life more enjoyable, such as :
- vacations,
- entertainment, and
- leisure activities.
This can help reduce stress as well as provide a greater sense of well-being.
19 . Increased Social Mobility:
Higher living standards can also lead to increased social mobility. If people and families had better access to resources, it would be easier for them to follow their dreams and goals, like starting a business or going to college. This can help increase their economic and social opportunities, as well as provide a greater sense of purpose.
20 . Increased Community Pride:
Higher living standards can also lead to increased community pride.If people and families had better access to resources, it would be easier for them to invest in their community by doing things like volunteering for local groups or making their neighborhoods look better. This can help to promote a sense of community and pride in the area.
What Are the Challenges of Low Living Standards?
Lets talk about, “The challenges of low living standards”
1 . Poor Health:
Low living standards often result in poor health due to inadequate access to :
- clean water,
- nutritious food, and
- medical care.
In some areas, people may be exposed to contaminated water, air, and soil, leading to higher rates of diseases such as :
- malaria,
- cholera, and
- tuberculosis.
In addition, poor nutrition can lead to malnutrition, which can cause stunted growth, weakened immune systems, and a range of other health complications.
2 . Limited Education:
Low living standards can also limit access to education. Many children in developing countries are unable to attend school because of financial constraints, or due to the need to work to support their families. This makes it hard for them to learn the skills and information they need to get themselves and their families out of poverty.
3 . Poor Infrastructure:
Low living standards often mean inadequate infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and public transportation. This can make it difficult for people to access the resources they need, such as :
- food,
- water,
- healthcare, and
- education.
4 . Poor Housing:
Low living standards often mean inadequate housing. Individuals may live in tight, unhygienic conditions without running water or power. This can cause :
- respiratory,
- dermatological, and
- nutritional issues.
5 . Limited Job Opportunities:
Low living standards often mean limited job opportunities. People may be unable to find a job that pays a living wage or may be unable to access the skills and training needed to find employment. This can make it difficult for people to support their families, leading to further poverty and hardship.
6 . Child Labor:
Low living standards can lead to the exploitation of children, with many forced to work in hazardous conditions in order to support their families. This can mean:
- long hours,
- dangerous working conditions, and
- little or no pay.
7 . Poor Sanitation:
Low living standards can lead to inadequate sanitation, meaning that people are exposed to contaminated :
- water,
- food, and
- air.
This can lead to a range of health problems, including diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid.
8 . Lack of Access to Clean Water:
Cholera, diarrhea, and typhoid can result from a lack of safe water in low-income areas. This can have a devastating impact on communities, with thousands of people dying each year due to water-related illnesses.
9 . Discrimination:
Low living standards can also lead to discrimination, with people being treated unfairly due to their socio-economic status. This can include:
- discrimination in access to education,
- employment, and
- healthcare.
10 . High Levels of Debt:
Low living standards can lead to high levels of debt, as people struggle to make ends meet. This can lead to further poverty and hardship, as people are unable to access the resources they need to lift themselves out of poverty.
11 . Poor Working Conditions:
Low living standards can mean people are forced to work in poor conditions, with inadequate safety standards and pay. This can lead to exploitation and poverty, as people are unable to access the resources they need to survive.
12 . Hunger:
Low living standards often mean inadequate access to nutritious food, leading to hunger and malnutrition. This can be very bad for people’s health, causing many kids to grow too slowly, have weaker immune systems, and have other health problems.
14 . High Levels of Crime:
Low living standards can lead to high levels of crime, as people become desperate to make ends meet. This can lead to a range of social problems, such as :
- violence,
- drug abuse, and
- prostitution.
15 . Poor Access to Healthcare:
Low living standards can mean inadequate access to healthcare, leading to a range of health problems. This can mean that they don’t have access to preventive care like immunizations and screenings, or that they can’t get the care they need for illnesses and injuries.
16 . Unsafe Living Conditions:
Low living standards can lead to unsafe living conditions, such as overcrowded and unsanitary dwellings. Respiratory and skin diseases can result.
17 . Lack of Social Support:
Low living standards can lead to a lack of social support, as people are unable to access the services they need to escape poverty. This can mean limited access to:
- education,
- healthcare, and
- employment opportunities.
18 . Environmental Degradation:
Low living standards can lead to environmental degradation, as people are unable to access the resources they need to sustain themselves. This can mean :
- deforestation,
- air and water pollution, and
- other forms of environmental damage.
19 . Political Instability:
People upset by a lack of resources and services might cause political instability. People struggling to survive can cause social upheaval and violence.
20 . Forced Migration:
Low living standards can lead to forced migration, as people are unable to access the resources they need to survive in their home countries. This can mean long and dangerous journeys, with people facing exploitation and a lack of rights in their new homes.
What Are The Causes of Low Living Standards?
This is going to be an interesting part of the article. Now I will talk about, “The causes of low living standards”
1 . Poverty:
Poverty is the most significant cause of low living standards in many countries. Poverty is when people, families, or whole communities lack the money or resources to meet their basic needs and live good lives. Poverty makes it hard to get:
- food,
- a place to live,
- medical care,
- an education, and
- other social services.
This lowers the quality of life.
For example, Bangladesh has one of the lowest living standards, and 32% of its population lives below the poverty line.
2 . Lack of Education:
Education is a critical factor in determining one’s living standards. Education gives individuals the :
- knowledge,
- skills, and
- confidence to find a job,
- earn an income, and
- provide for themselves and their families.
Access to education can lead to low living standards as individuals cannot find employment or generate income.
For example, in Ghana, only 28.6% of adults have a secondary education, leading to low living standards in many communities.
3 . Unemployment:
Unemployment is another major cause of low living standards. When individuals cannot find employment, they cannot earn an income, leading to poverty and low living standards.
For example, in Spain, the unemployment rate is currently 16.3%, leading to low wages and poverty in many communities.
4 . Low Wages:
Low wages are another major cause of low living standards. Low wages mean individuals must earn more income to meet their basic needs and lead decent lives.
For example, the minimum wage in India is only $0.64 per hour, leading to poverty and low living standards in many communities.
5 . Inequality:
Inequality occurs when some people and organizations have more resources and opportunities than others. The wealthiest 1% own 40% of America’s wealth, while the bottom 50% own 3%.
6 . Poor Infrastructure:
Poor infrastructure is another major cause of low living standards. Roads, bridges, and other infrastructure can make accessing
- education,
- healthcare, and
- other services difficult,
- leading to poverty and
- low living standards.
Many rural Haitian towns are impoverished due to insufficient infrastructure.
7 . Conflict and War:
Conflict and war are also significant causes of low living standards. Conflict and war can lead to displacement, destruction of infrastructure, and other problems that make it difficult for individuals to access basic needs and lead decent lives.
For example, in Syria, where the war is ongoing, many people are poor and have poor living conditions.
8 . No Healthcare:
Healthcare shortages also lower living standards. With healthcare, people can stay healthy and productive. Only about 5% of the people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have access to primary health care. This causes widespread poverty and low living standards.
9 . Unclean Water:
Clean water shortages lower living standards. Without access to clean water, individuals cannot stay healthy and productive. They cannot access basic needs such as food, healthcare, and education.
For example, in the Central African Republic, only 31% of the population has clean water, leading to poverty and low living standards in many communities.
10 . Political Instability:
Political instability is another major cause of low living standards. Political instability can lead to corruption, mismanagement of resources, and other problems that make it difficult for individuals to access basic needs and lead decent lives.
For example, in Nicaragua, where a political crisis is ongoing, many communities are poor and have low living standards.
11 . Climate Change:
Climate change is another major cause of low living standards. Climate change can lead to :
- droughts,
- floods, and
- other natural disasters,
- making it difficult for individuals to access basic needs and
- lead decent lives.
For example, climate change has led to drought and famine in Ethiopia, resulting in poverty and low living standards in many communities.
12 . Lack of Investment in Local Communities:
Lack of investment in local communities is another major cause of low living standards. When communities lack access to healthcare, education, and infrastructure, it can lead to poverty and low living standards.
For example, in many rural communities in India, a lack of investment in local infrastructure has led to poverty and low living standards.
13 . Migration:
Migration is another major cause of low living standards. When individuals migrate from one country to another, they often live in poverty and have low living standards.
Several Mexicans have moved to the US for better possibilities but ended up in poverty.
14 . Gender Inequality:
Gender inequality is another major cause of low living standards. Gender inequality can make it hard for women and men to get the:
- same education,
- jobs, and
- other resources,
- leading to poverty and
- a low standard of living.
For example, in many countries, women face discrimination and unequal access to resources, leading to poverty and low living standards.
15 . Natural Disasters:
Natural disasters are also a significant cause of low living standards. Natural disasters can destroy :
- infrastructure,
- displacement, and
- other problems
that make it difficult for individuals to access basic needs and lead a decent life.
For example, the recent typhoon in the Philippines has caused a lot of people to live in poverty and places with low living standards.
How Can Low Living Standards Be Addressed?
Lets talk about a new thing, “How can low living standards be addressed?”
Low living standards can be addressed through several initiatives. These can include increased access to education, healthcare, and other services. Governments can also use minimum wage laws and subsidies to help reduce inequality and poverty.
Many methods can improve living conditions. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this situation. Each situation requires customized measures to improve the quality of life.
Education is one of the best strategies to raise living standards.
Through education, people can get the skills and knowledge they need to care for themselves, their families, and their communities. It also provides them with the opportunity to find a well-paid job, which helps to improve their overall standard of living.
Clean water, sanitation, food, and healthcare should be provided alongside schooling. These are necessary for people to survive; without them, no one can improve their quality of life. Governments can play a crucial role in ensuring these resources are available and accessible.
For example, the government of Bangladesh just started a program to give people in rural areas access to clean water. This has helped to reduce the spread of waterborne illnesses and has improved living standards in the area.
Another effective strategy for addressing low living standards is to create economic opportunities. This can include providing access to microloans, which can help people start their own businesses. This can help create jobs and provide additional income for impoverished people.
Governments can also fund :
- roads,
- bridges, and
- transportation improvements.
This can make it easier for people to access markets, leading to increased economic activity. For example, the government of India recently launched a program to build roads for rural communities, which has helped to improve access to markets and has increased economic opportunities for those living in the area.
Lastly, it’s crucial to help poor people with their social and emotional needs. This can include providing access to counseling and mental health services, which can help people cope with the stress and trauma of living in poverty. It can also include providing access to job training programs and other initiatives that can help build confidence and increase self-esteem.
In conclusion, there are several ways to address low living standards. Some of these things are giving people access to :
- education,
- primary resources,
- jobs,
- infrastructure projects, and
- social and emotional support.
Each of these strategies can help improve the quality of life for those affected by poverty and should be tailored to meet the individual’s or community’s needs.
What Are Some Examples of Low Living Standards?
It is time to talk about, “Some examples of low living standards”
Low living standards can be seen in many countries around the world. Examples of countries with low living standards include :
- Ethiopia,
- Yemen,
- Haiti, and
- Pakistan.
These countries typically have weak economies, low levels of education, and a lack of access to healthcare and other services. Low living standards mean the quality of life needs to improve, like insufficient access to essential goods and services. Poverty can result in a lack of:
- food,
- water,
- shelter, and
- clothing.
Health, education, and other fundamental services may also be lacking. Low living standards can lead to poor health, social isolation, and a lack of economic opportunity.
One of the most common examples of low living standards is poverty. Millions of people worldwide suffer from poverty. Poverty makes it hard to get food, water, and shelter. They may lack health care, education, and other basic amenities and live in overcrowded or unclean homes. Poverty causes :
- hunger,
- anemia, and
- sadness.
Another example of low living standards is homelessness. Homelessness is a condition of inadequate housing or a lack of housing altogether. People who are homeless often lack access to essential services like health care, education, and employment. They may also struggle to obtain food and water and are at risk of exploitation and violence.
A third example of low living standards is limited access to education. Education is essential for economic development and a healthy society. But in many parts of the world, access to education is limited, particularly for children from poverty-stricken backgrounds. Access to education is necessary for people to find meaningful employment and may struggle to escape poverty.
Finally, another example of low living standards is inadequate sanitation. Sanitation refers to the systems and services that provide clean water and proper disposal of waste. Poor sanitation can spread disease and illness, as well as poor health and hygiene. In many parts of the world, poor sanitation is a significant factor in poor living standards.
Poor living standards can harm people and communities. It can cause physical and mental health issues and limit access to essential services and opportunities. Low living standards can lead to poverty and homelessness and prevent people from achieving their potential. To help reduce poverty and raise living standards, governments and organizations must ensure that everyone and every community has access to essential goods and services. This can include providing access to :
- health care,
- education, and
- employment,
as well as improving sanitation and access to clean water.
How Are Living Standards Changing?
Now I am going to talk about, “How are living standards changing”
Living standards are constantly changing due to a variety of factors. In some cases, living standards are improving due to :
- technological advances,
- economic growth, and
- improved access to education and healthcare.
In other cases, living standards are declining due to political instability, economic inequality, and lack of access to services.
Technology, economic expansion, and infrastructure development change living standards. These changes can have a significant impact on the way people live, work, and play. One way living standards are changing is through the use of technology. Technological advances make it easier and faster for individuals and businesses to do their jobs.
For example, the introduction of computers and the internet has enabled us to communicate more quickly and efficiently. This has allowed us to access a wealth of information worldwide and opened up business opportunities to operate more effectively.
Also, technological progress has made it possible for new products and services, such as cell phones and streaming services. These products and services have made :
- life easier and more enjoyable,
- allowing people to access entertainment, education, and
- communication from almost anywhere.
Another way living standards are changing is through economic growth. As economies worldwide expand, people have greater access:
- to jobs,
- higher wages, and
- more disposable income.
This can result in higher living standards as people can purchase more goods and services. Economic expansion can also enhance infrastructure investment in roads, bridges, and public transportation, improving the inhabitants’ quality of life.
Finally, living standards are also changing due to the development of infrastructure. Infrastructure development can provide people with access to better:
- healthcare,
- education,
- transportation,
- improved access to clean water and
- electricity.
This can lead to increased life expectancy and improved educational and economic opportunities. Technology, economic progress, and infrastructure development are transforming living standards. These changes can affect how people live, work, and play. So, consumers can get a wide range of goods and services, improving their lives. Furthermore, economic growth can result in :
- higher wages,
- better access to healthcare and
- education, and
- improved infrastructure,
all of which can contribute to a higher standard of living.
What Is the Future of Living Standards?
At the ending part I will talk about, “the future of living standards”
The future of living standards is difficult to predict with any degree of accuracy, as there are too many variables to consider. However, specific trends can be identified that will likely form the basis of future developments in this area.
First, technological advances will continue revolutionizing how people live and work, providing greater access to goods and services and enabling faster communication and more efficient production. This will likely lead to increased living standards as people can access goods and services more quickly with fewer barriers to entry. Also, improvements in areas like automation and artificial intelligence will likely make the production and distribution of goods more efficient. This will likely lead to lower prices and a better standard of living for the average person.
Second, global mobility will likely increase as people become more comfortable traveling and living in different countries. This will likely lead to increased demand for better living standards as people seek to take advantage of the opportunities available in different countries. This increased mobility will likely lead to greater competition between countries and regions as they strive to attract more people and businesses by offering higher living standards.
Third, climate change will likely increase the demand for better living standards as people become more aware of the need to reduce their carbon footprint and adopt sustainable lifestyles. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind and energy efficiency initiatives like energy-saving appliances and building technologies may benefit. Governments may prioritize green infrastructure like public transportation and parks to improve city life.
Fourth, advances in health, education, and communication technologies will likely lead to greater access to better healthcare, education, and communication services. This will likely lead to increased living standards as people can access better:
- healthcare,
- education, and
- communication services more efficiently,
- quickly and cheaply.
Additionally, advances in these areas will likely lead to a greater appreciation for the importance of :
- good health,
- education, and
- communication
as people become more aware of these services’ benefits.
Finally, there will likely be an increase in the demand for higher living standards as people become increasingly aware of the need for social and economic justice. This may lead to increased government spending on social programs, such as:
- healthcare,
- education, and
- job training, and
- more significant investment in infrastructure,
such as public transportation networks and sustainable energy sources. Additionally, this may increase the demand for better working conditions as workers become increasingly aware of their rights and demand better wages and benefits.
Overall, the future of living standards is difficult to predict with certainty. Still, specific trends that will likely form the basis of future developments in this area can be identified. Technological advances, increased :
- global mobility,
- climate change,
- advances in healthcare,
- education,
- communication technologies,
- increased demand for social
- economic justice, and
will all likely contribute to an improvement in the living standards of people around the world.
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